Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, has long been suspected to possess reproductive toxicity. Here, we investigated the histopathological alteration of male gonads following exposure to FA-contaminated feed (40% aqueous solution of FA; 2.5 ml formalin/kg feed) in pigeons for 7 days. The mean body weights were not changed significantly in FA-contaminated feed exposed pigeons compared with control pigeons. The hemoglobin concentration was significantly decreased and serum enzyme aspartate transaminase (AST) was significantly increased in FA-exposed pigeons in comparison with control pigeons. Histologically, the structural components of the testes are the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues, which are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. In control pigeons, the size and shape of seminiferous tubules were normal with a regular arrangement of spermatogenic cells. In FA-exposed pigeons, the testicular capsule was thickened and degeneration of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules was observed. The number of spermatogenic cells was significantly decreased in the seminiferous tubules of FA-exposed pigeons in comparison with control pigeons, indicating that the low exposure of FA affects the spermatogenic cells’ populations in male birds. The present results suggested that FA might cause infertility in birds.

Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, has long been suspected to possess reproductive toxicity. Here, we investigated the histopathological alteration of male gonads following exposure to FA-contaminated feed (40% aqueous solution of FA; 2.5 ml formalin/kg feed) in pigeons for 7 days. The mean body weights were not changed significantly in FA-contaminated feed exposed pigeons compared with control pigeons. The hemoglobin concentration was significantly decreased and serum enzyme aspartate transaminase (AST) was significantly increased in FA-exposed pigeons in comparison with control pigeons. Histologically, the structural components of the testes are the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues, which are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. In control pigeons, the size and shape of seminiferous tubules were normal with a regular arrangement of spermatogenic cells. In FA-exposed pigeons, the testicular capsule was thickened and degeneration of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules was observed. The number of spermatogenic cells was significantly decreased in the seminiferous tubules of FA-exposed pigeons in comparison with control pigeons, indicating that the low exposure of FA affects the spermatogenic cells’ populations in male birds. The present results suggested that FA might cause infertility in birds.

The study was intended to compare and evaluate the in vitro thrombolytic activity and in vivo anxiolytic activities of methanol extracts of Piper nigrum fruits (MEPNF) and Sesamum indicum seeds (MESIS). An in vitro thrombolytic activity was employed by investigating the clot lysis effect of MEPNF, MESIS, and their combinations. In vivo anxiolytic activity of MEPNF and MESIS was examined by using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test considering diazepam (1 mg/kg) as the standard drug. In the thrombolytic test, MEPNF and MESIS showed a moderate (P < 0.01) clot lysis activity. Besides, MEPNF and MESIS showed significant (P < 0.001) dose-dependent anxiolytic activity. Since MEPNF or MESIS 200 and 400 (mg/kg, b.w; p.o) has been administered, the time spent in the open arms, and the number of entry into the open arms were increased. The finding suggests that MEPNF and MESIS may be the source for biological activity and therefore further research is required for confirmation.

Cocos nucifera used as natural remedies in a wide variety of diseases. The current experiment aimed to determine the qualitative phytochemicals, anxiolytic, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and cytotoxic actions of C. nucifera endocarp, which extracted by using methanol (MeOH-CNE) and the hydro-alcohol (HaE-CNE). The MeOH-CNE and HaE-CNE subjected to phytochemical screening, where both extracts showed the existence of secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and proteins. The anxiolytic activity screened by elevated plus maze experiment, whereas the percentage of open arm accounts 74.55 ± 4.54%, 66.31 ± 4.41% at 400 mg/kg for HaE-CNE, MeOH-CNE respectively (P < 0.05) while the standard drug Diazepam (75.24 ± 3.91%). In the anti-diarrheal test, extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) and standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent significant (P < 0.05) inhibition against castor oil-induced diarrhea. The MeOH-CNE and HaE-CNE exhibited 72.91 ± 4.20 %, 64.42 ± 5.50% inhibition of protein denaturation at 500 µg/ml, while in the thrombolytic test, HaE-CNE showed the highest and significant (P < 0.05) in clot lysis activity on human blood in comparison to water, whereas streptokinase used as standard. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50 of HaE-CNE and MeOH-CNE ware 432.35 µg/ml and 1173.88 µg/ml respectively. The LC50 for standard vincristine sulfate was 43.15 µg/ml. The current results suggested that MeOH-CNE and HaE-CNE have promising pharmacological activity.

This study tracks and analyses the culture results of 3615 blood samples received in Popular Diagnostic Centre, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, throughout twelve month from suspected patients with blood stream infections. The samples were prepared by exploitation machine-controlled Fluorescent-Sensor Technology by BACTEC 9120® Culture System (Becton Dickinson and Company, Sparks, USA) choosing a 5 days incubation protocol. A total of 668/3615(18.50%) BACTEC 9120® system positive samples were then sub-cultured in 7% sheep blood agar, MacConkey agar, and chocolate agar plates. A sum of 346/668 (51.8%) were infective organisms and 312/668 (46.70%) positive vial cultures were contaminants. False positivism rate was 1.5% (10/668). The mean detection time for the clinical vital isolates was 17.7 h and for all the isolates was 38.1 h. Microorganisms characterization and antibiotic sensitivity testing was done using typical ways. The majorities (342, 98.84%) of those were Gram-negative microorganisms and solely 4 (1.16%) isolates were Gram-positive pathogens. Clinically vital pathogens recouped on day one, two and three were 91.0%, 7.5% and 1.5% severally. Most of the bacterial isolates were found extremely susceptible to a number of antibiotics along with ceftriaxone (95%), ceftazidine (95%), and cefepime (96%), whereas moderately sensitive to ciprofloxacin (81%), levofloxacin (89%) and chloramphenicol (81%); whereas all bacterial isolates were found to be resistant of nalidic acid (100%). Since all our cultures were positive at intervals the primary 72 h, our data supported 5 days incubation system for the recuperation of medically vital microorganisms in BACTEC 9120® Culture System.

Genetic fingerprinting of 110 rice cultivars of Bangladesh was completed with five polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers such as RM153, RM251, RM333, RM335 and RM475. The amplified DNA fragments are known as alleles from Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) reactions were separated on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis system, subsequently visualized by high performance ultraviolet transilluminator. In all, 99 distinctive alleles averaging 19.80 alleles/locus from the entire utilized microsatellite loci were counted. Several diversity indexes such as Polymorphism Information Content (PIC), heterozygosity, and cluster analysis were computed in this quantitative investigation. Superior genetic differentiation and inferior gene flow values among the cultivars were revealed from the recorded genetic diversity study of PIC, Effective allele, Shannon index (I), Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), Nei’s gene diversity (h), along with genetic differentiation-Fis and gene flow-Nm analysis. A total, 5995 varietal pairs were achieved all the way through alternative combinations of 110 rice cultivars where their Nei’s genetic distance (D) was ranged from zero to 2.832. Nei’s genetic-base an Unweight Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) diagram was assembled which eventually separated all the cultivars from each other according to their genetic distance and similarity. Thus, the finding of this study will expose such strategies to distinct all the wild relatives, cultivars and commercial varieties of rice or any other crop species having various genetic levels to facilitate further improvement and protection in future.

The seeds of fruits which are thrown away as waste can be used in medicinal and therapeutic purposes. The goal of this investigation was to find out antibacterial and cytotoxic potentialities of crude acetone and ethanol extracts of seeds of four common summer fruits, purchased from Khulna region, Bangladesh: Litchi chinensis (Lychee), Phoenix dactylifera (Date Palm), Syzigum cumini (Black Plum) and Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit). Extracts were screened for their antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method, followed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination by colorimetric broth macro dilution method and plating method. The highest antibacterial activity was found from acetone extract of S. cumini against Salmonella typhi where zone of inhibition was 19.67±0.27 mm along with MIC 0.0585 mg/ml and MBC 0.2344 mg/ml. Acetone extract of S. cumini was found to have bactericidal effect on all microorganisms except bacteriostatic on E. coli and S. paratyphi and ethanol extract showed bactericidal effect on all the microorganisms tested. The cytotoxic activity was determined by brine shrimp lethality assay. Among all seed samples, P. dactylifera exerted relatively better cytotoxicity where LC50 value was below 100 µg/ml. The rest of the samples showed relatively less toxicity as LC50 value was more than 100 µg/ml. Among all the seed samples, S. cumini showed most potential antibacterial activity with less cytotoxicity. Overall, the findings of the study endorse antibacterial activity of examined seed extracts with moderate cytotoxic activity, suggesting the isolation of active compounds thorough bioassays.

This investigation was carried out to observe the migration status and the feeding guild of the avian fauna including the relative diversity of Jaipurhat district of Bangladesh. Data were collected from November 2017 to October 2019. During the study period, 89 avian species were recorded that belong to 32 families under 11 orders among which 8 (8.99%) species were common winter visitors, 3 (3.37%) were common summer visitors, 8 (8.99%) were resident migratory, 1 (1.12%) were rare resident and 69 (77.53%) were resident birds. Among the birds observed in the study area during the study period the highest number of birds was found to be insectivorous (41.57%), then the carnivorous (8.99%), then omnivorous, piscivorous and picio carnivorous (7.87%), then insecto frugivorous (6.67%), then frugivorous (5.62%), then frugio graminivorous (4.49%), then nectarivorous (3.39%), then graminivorous and molluscio carnivorous (2.25%) and insecto carnivorous (1.12%). The hight avian diversity (69.662%) was observed in Mithapur which is human inhabited area with crop lands and a lot of fruit trees and the lowest (32.584%) diversity was in Shree Rampur Bill and Kastogari Bill which has large water bodies. This study will be helpful to understand the status of birds in different season in the study area.

Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Family: Vitaceae) is popular for its medicinal value in Bangladeshi tribal communities. This study aims to investigate several pharmacological values of methanol extract of T. leucostaphylum (METL). In vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory researches have been implemented by using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking test protocols in mice. Furthermore, in vitro thrombolytic and anthelmintic studies have been performed by following the blood clot lysis method and nematode mortality measurement method. In the in vivo study, METL did not minimize the acetic acid-induced writhes prominently but significantly attenuate both the peripheral and inflammatory pain in mice in a dose-dependent manner. In early and late phase, METL 400 (mg/kg, b.w; p.o) showed 39.63 % and 48.73 % paw licking inhibition. Again, METL (100 µL) reflected 56.62 % clot lysis in thrombolytic research. Besides, METL causes the death of nematodes in a dose-dependent manner. The bioassay of the methanol extract of T. leucostaphylum justified the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and anthelmintic activities of the crude extract and finally suggests the test extract as a wellspring of anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and anthelmintic agents as a crude drug source.

In the early establishment of HIV-1 infection, Tat protein plays an essential role in controlling other genes of HIV-1 (e.g., vif, vpr, vpu, nef, gag, pol and env), for viral pathogenesis, while maintaining its polymorphic nature. It is well documented that polymorphism of HIV-1 genome are created to escape immune pressures (e.g. CD8+, CD4+, B, NK-cells and others) by human host, during the course of infection. Over the time those mutations are incorporated or left in the HIV genome as an escaped flag or signature amino acid, and this scenario could be predictable using contemporary bioinformatics tools. Our sequence analysis from global database (LANL) revealed that Tat protein under positive immune pressure as dn/ds >1.5, even though differential immune pressure exists among the HIV-1 subtype. Average entropy score is 0.31, implying the less variable nature of this protein while amino acid variations are higher in C-terminal. Remarkably, the region encompassing by positions 38 to 51 amino acids are relatively conserved, over the year 2009 to 2017 across HIV-1 subtype. Indeed, subtype-specific SNP or signature amino acids were observed in various position of Tat, dominantly in C-terminal end. Our epitope density plot analysis, highlighted CTLs/CD8+ cells play a major role on Tat sequence variation around the globe. Taken together, our analysis illustrated the dynamic nature of polymorphism within HIV-1 proteins, which could be predictable to see the immune-mediated selective pressure by human host on viral genome.

Tyrosine phosphorylation signaling is known to be essential for the proliferation and differentiation of cells. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are present mainly in the lymphoid tissues including the thymus. The objective of the study was to investigate the expression of PTKs associated with stress-related thymic involution due to diet restriction compared with that due to aging. p56lck and p59fyn belong to the Src family membrane-associated PTKs. We found that diet-restricted rats had significantly lower thymus weights, and the expression of p59fyn was significantly decreased compared with the control group. In contrast, the expression of p56lck was not significantly different. We also found that aging-related thymic involution was not affected by the expression of those kinases. We confirmed that the mechanisms of diet-restricted thymic involution were different from those of aging-related thymic involution. It might be used as an index of chronic stress due to diet restriction in cases of child abuse or neglect.

Tyrosine phosphorylation signaling is known to be essential for the proliferation and differentiation of cells. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are present mainly in the lymphoid tissues including the thymus. The objective of the study was to investigate the expression of PTKs associated with stress-related thymic involution due to diet restriction compared with that due to aging. p56lck and p59fyn belong to the Src family membrane-associated PTKs. We found that diet-restricted rats had significantly lower thymus weights, and the expression of p59fyn was significantly decreased compared with the control group. In contrast, the expression of p56lck was not significantly different. We also found that aging-related thymic involution was not affected by the expression of those kinases. We confirmed that the mechanisms of diet-restricted thymic involution were different from those of aging-related thymic involution. It might be used as an index of chronic stress due to diet restriction in cases of child abuse or neglect.

Phalaenopsis one of the popular cut-flower among the orchid species. The improvement/multiplication of this orchid is very difficult through conventional breeding due to delay flowering and uneven flower characteristics. Therefore, tissue culture techniques have been extensively used for improvement of Phalaenopsis by inducing and selecting somaclonal variants. However, it is difficult to get stable regenerations techniques of Phalaenopsis due to production of phenolic compounds, arising somaclonal variation in the culture and less recovery in the field of the regenerated plantlets. Improved and modified tissue culture techniques providing regeneration from various vegetative parts of plant are needed for industrialization and ex situ conservation of this valuable orchid. In this paper we have reviewed various in vitro propagation methods of Phalaenopsis culture which will be helpful for commercialization of this valuable orchid.

Since ancient times, soil bacteria play an important role on crop growth and yield by genetic transformation naturally. But the continuous use of chemical fertilizers reduces their number and proper environment for multiplication. Seed treatment with beneficial bacteria provides nutrients for the growth of crop plants. Thus, soil bacteria were isolated, their growth characteristics and effect on wheat growth were observed. The maximum growth of Isolate A and Isolate B was observed at pH 5.5, 7.0 and 33°C, 35°C respectively. Morphological characteristics indicated that Isolate A and Isolate B were gram-positive. But both bacteria were non-motile. In Biochemical test, both of them showed positive result in the methyl red test, catalase test, urea test, starch hydrolysis test, and negative in TSI (Triple Sugar Iron) test, mannitol salt test. Isolate B showed positive result in BSA, MacConkey test and EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue) test and Isolate A showed negative result in BSA (Bismuth Sulphite Agar), MacConkey test and EMB test. Besides, both of the bacteria were multi-drug resistance showing resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin cefuroxime, and ceftazidime.16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the isolate A and Isolate B as Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis. After 6 hours of wheat seed treatment germination percentage, fresh root and shoot weight, root and shoot dry weight, relative water content of both root and shoot, and plant growth was enhanced by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus anthracis was more capable than bacillus thuringiensis for increasing germination rates, both root and shoot growth of wheat. It indicated that Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis mediated growth improvement of wheat is possibly originated in roots.

Lead is the most abundant toxic metal in the environment that causes serious health hazards in animals and humans. In this study, the prophylactic effects of vitamin E and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed extract on lead-induced liver damage in Swiss albino mice were investigated by gross and histological studies. At first, mice were intoxicated with a particular dose of lead acetate for 42 days. After intoxication, mice were divided into three groups for treatment purpose. The first and second groups of mice were treated with vitamin E and coriander extract respectively. Both vitamin E and coriander extract were given to the third group of mice. Treatment was done for 42 days. In this study, lead acetate was found to cause nodular lesion and congestion in the central vein in liver. Vitamin E was found effective in the treatment of congestion in the central vein of liver but ineffective in the treatment of the nodular lesion. The nodular lesion was found in liver even after vitamin E treatment. The liver was found normal in the coriander extract-treated group as well as combined vitamin E and coriander extract-treated group. There was no nodular lesion as well as congestion in the central vein of liver in these two groups. The present findings revealed that lead has detrimental effects on the liver of mice. Treatment with coriander extract was found more effective than the treatment with vitamin E in lead intoxicated mice. The combined action of vitamin E and coriander extract is more effective than their individual action. The present investigation may serve as baseline data about the adverse effects of lead toxicity and efficacy of vitamin E and coriander extract against lead toxicity.

Dendrobium palpebrae Lindl. an epiphytic fragrant indigenous orchid species of Bangladesh and distributed in Bangladesh, eastern Himalayas, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam at altitudes of 800 to 2500 meters. From in vitro growing plantlets, upper and lower part of pseudobulb segments were aseptically cultured on MS medium supplemented with auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA, Picloram) and cytokinins (BAP, Kinetin). In vitro grown pseudobulb segments both upper and lower part directly produced multiple shoot buds via organogenesis. Average highest number of MSBs (8.21 ± 0.44/segment in lower part; 6.43 ± 0.40/segment in upper part) produced on MS medium with 1.0 mg/l NAA + 2.0 mg/l BAP followed by (7.24 ± 0.41/segment in lower part; 5.96 ± 0.37/segment in upper part) MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l Picloram + 2.0 mg/l BAP. Highest individual shoot bud increased length was recorded on agar solidified MS medium with 1.0 mg/l Picloram + 1.0 mg/l BAP (3.76 ± 0.14 cm) followed by liquid MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l BAP (3.11 ± 0.12 cm) medium. Elongation of shoot bud was better in agar solidified media than liquid condition and MS was found better than PM. Shoot bud derived seedlings were best responses as increase in length as well as the number of roots developed on agar solidified MS with 0.5 mg/l NAA (4.82 ± 0.22 cm/shoot bud and 2.75 ± 0.17 no/shoot bud) followed by MS with 0.5 mg/l IBA supplemented medium (4.49 ± 0.12 cm/shoot bud and 2.57 ± 0.08 no/shoot bud). The plantlets were successfully transferred to outside environment by successive phases of acclimatization.

In the early establishment of HIV-1 infection, Tat protein plays an essential role in controlling other genes of HIV-1 (e.g., vif, vpr, vpu, nef, gag, pol and env), for viral pathogenesis, while maintaining its polymorphic nature. It is well documented that polymorphism of HIV-1 genome are created to escape immune pressures (e.g. CD8+, CD4+, B, NK-cells and others) by human host, during the course of infection. Over the time those mutations are incorporated or left in the HIV genome as an escaped flag or signature amino acid, and this scenario could be predictable using contemporary bioinformatics tools. Our sequence analysis from global database (LANL) revealed that Tat protein under positive immune pressure as dn/ds >1.5, even though differential immune pressure exists among the HIV-1 subtype. Average entropy score is 0.31, implying the less variable nature of this protein while amino acid variations are higher in C-terminal. Remarkably, the region encompassing by positions 38 to 51 amino acids are relatively conserved, over the year 2009 to 2017 across HIV-1 subtype. Indeed, subtype-specific SNP or signature amino acids were observed in various position of Tat, dominantly in C-terminal end. Our epitope density plot analysis, highlighted CTLs/CD8+ cells play a major role on Tat sequence variation around the globe. Taken together, our analysis illustrated the dynamic nature of polymorphism within HIV-1 proteins, which could be predictable to see the immune-mediated selective pressure by human host on viral genome.

Accurate identification of important plants is essential for their safety, efficacy and herbal remedies. The study was aimed to identify 4 locally available medicinal plants using DNA barcoding approach. Genomic DNA was extracted from plant samples followed by their amplification by the conventional PCR approach. Short sequence diversity of standardized specific coding gene regions of matK gene of plastid genome was used to compare and differentiate the plant species. Subsequently, all the samples were purified and sequenced successfully. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to assess their cross-species relationship. All the samples showed a high similarity rate with their homologs after blasting them in NCBI database. The phylogenetic study showed a distinguished relationship with each other. All the result indicates that DNA barcoding approach could be successfully used for reliable identification of medicinal plants and matK gene is a good candidate for this approach.

Acidifier and lysozyme may have a significant impact on growth performance and body defense in broilers. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary acidifier and lysozyme on physiognomies (live body weight and body weight gain), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and selected hemato-biochemical parameters in broiler chicken. A total of 60, day old Lohman broiler chicks were collected and reared up to 28 days with timely vaccination. At day 14, the chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups: A, B, C and D (n=15). Group A was considered as non-treated control; group B was supplemented with acidifier, group C with lysozyme and group D with both acidifier and lysozyme through drinking water. Results showed that acidifier, lysozyme and combined groups had significantly higher live body weight and lower feed conversion ratio, FCR (p<0.01) compared to the control group. Total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly higher (p<0.05) especially in lysozyme supplemented group. Serum lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol) were significantly decreased in the acidifier supplemented group, whereas HDL cholesterol was increased (p<0.01) in the acidifier treated group. Lysozyme supplemented birds showed an increased level of total cholesterol and significant (p<0.05) decrease in triglyceride and LDL level. Combined supplementation showed almost similar results as lysozyme. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatinine concentration didn’t differ significantly upon supplementations. It is concluded that acidifier and lysozyme could be used in broiler feed for better growth performance and hemato-biochemical profile.